Executive function
“I know what to do - but doing it is hard.”
Executive functioning refers to a set of cognitive processes that help us plan, organise, prioritise, start tasks, stay on track, manage time, regulate emotions, and adapt to changing demands. These skills act like the brain’s “management system.” In ADHD, executive functioning differences are central and well‑documented in clinical research, forming a major part of how symptoms show up in daily life.
Adults with ADHD often describe feeling capable yet inconsistent — able to perform well in some situations but struggling with everyday tasks that others seem to manage easily. This isn’t a matter of willpower or effort. It reflects neurodevelopmental differences in the brain networks responsible for self‑management and cognitive control.
Common signs:
Difficulty starting tasks, even important ones
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Feeling overwhelmed by multi‑step activities
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Forgetting appointments, deadlines, or commitments
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Struggling to keep spaces organised
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Losing track of time or running late
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Switching between tasks without finishing them
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Needing external structure to stay on track
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Feeling mentally overloaded or scattered
Why it happens
ADHD affects the brain’s ability to coordinate complex tasks and manage cognitive load.
Why it matters
Executive functioning affects nearly every aspect of adult life:
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Work performance
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Study habits
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Household management
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Relationships
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Emotional wellbeing
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Self‑confidence
When these skills are inconsistent, adults may feel disorganised, overwhelmed, or misunderstood — often blaming themselves for patterns that are actually neurodevelopmental.
Understanding ADHD in Adults
ADHD (Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how the brain manages attention, motivation, planning, and self‑regulation. Although often associated with childhood, ADHD commonly continues into adulthood — many people reach their 20s, 30s, or later before recognising the lifelong patterns that ADHD can create.
ADHD is not a problem with intelligence or effort. It reflects differences in brain development and functioning, particularly in the networks responsible for executive functioning (planning, organising, prioritising), working memory, and emotional regulation. These differences can influence daily life in subtle or significant ways, depending on the individual.
The three types of ADHD
Clinically, ADHD is grouped into three presentations. These describe the pattern of symptoms a person experiences:
1. Predominantly Inattentive
Characterised by difficulties with focus, organisation, follow‑through, and working memory.
2. Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive
Involves restlessness, impulsive actions or decisions, and difficulty slowing down.
3. Combined Presentation
A mix of both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive features. These presentations can shift over time as life demands change.
Management and support
ADHD is highly manageable, and many adults thrive once they understand how their brain works. Effective support often includes:
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Education and self‑understanding Recognising ADHD patterns can reduce shame and increase confidence.
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Lifestyle and behavioural strategies Tools for organisation, time‑management, emotional regulation, and reducing overwhelm.
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Psychological support Therapy can help with coping skills, self‑esteem, and managing stress.
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Medication (when appropriate) Some people benefit from medication as part of a broader treatment plan. Decisions about medication are made with medical health professional like a Psychiatrist or Mental Health GP.
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Environmental adjustments Small changes at home or work can significantly improve daily functioning.
Management is always personalised — there is no one‑size‑fits‑all approach.
Why assessment matters
For many adults, an ADHD assessment provides clarity, validation, and a roadmap for moving forward. Understanding your neurodevelopmental profile can help you make sense of lifelong patterns and access the right support.